Journal: Frontiers in Immunology
Article Title: Antigen Presenting Cells Contribute to Persistent Immune Activation Despite Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation During Hyperacute HIV-1 Infection
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738743
Figure Lengend Snippet: pDC cytokine production in response to TLR antigen stimulation. HIV negative individuals and hyperacute and chronic ART groups at month 1, 12 and 24 post-infection were assessed for pDC TNF-α production following stimulation of (A) TLR4, (B) TLR7/8 or (C) TLR9 and IFN-α production following stimulation of (D) TLR4, (E) TLR7/8 or (F) TLR9.
Article Snippet: Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists for cell stimulation were as follows: TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), TLR7/8 ligand imidazoquinoline compound (CL097) and TLR9 ligand class A CpG oligonucleotide (ODN 2216) were from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA).
Techniques: Infection